SS-31

SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeted peptide that binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane and stabilizes the electron transport chain. That means more ATP, fewer leaks, and less ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species).

In metabolic disease models, SS-31 has been shown to reduce mitochondrial ROS and lipid peroxidation, increase ATP, and preserve mitochondrial structure in liver tissue. In preclinical studies, this has been associated with improvements in muscle endurance, cardiac energy output, and cellular resilience to oxidative stress.

A 2024 review highlighted SS-31 as a key candidate for restoring mitochondrial function and mitigating liver injury by targeting oxidative stress at its source.

In research models, SS 31 has been associated with:

Improved mitochondrial ATP efficiency
Reduced reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress
Enhanced cellular energy output, particularly in muscle, heart, and brain tissue
Increased resilience in models of mitochondrial dysfunction

Comparing SS-31 to MOTS-C:

MOTS c is generally explored in models focused on fat metabolism, glucose regulation, endurance, and metabolic flexibility, due to its effects on AMPK activation and cellular energy adaptation.

SS 31, by contrast, is more commonly studied in models involving mitochondrial dysfunction, fatigue, and oxidative stress, where improving ATP efficiency and mitochondrial stability is the primary objective.

Because they target different aspects of mitochondrial biology, combination research involving both compounds is increasingly common. MOTS c acts primarily as a metabolic signaling peptide, helping cells adapt to energetic stress. SS 31, by contrast, works directly at the level of the mitochondrial membrane, improving the efficiency of ATP production machinery itself.

Dosage:
Daily for 4 to 6 weeks (for general mitochondrial health). Any time.
LOW: 1-2mg per injection. MODERATE: 2-5mg per injection. HIGH: 5-10mg per injection.
25mg vial with 2.5cc BAC = 1mg per 10 units = 5mg per 50 units.
40mg vial with 3.6cc BAC = 1mg per 9 units = 5mg per 45 units.
60mg vial with 3cc BAC = 2mg per 10 units